The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse is one of seven subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse in North America.  Among these subspecies, Columbian sharp-tailed grouse are the smallest.

Characteristics of Columbian sharp-tailed grouse are brownish-gray with many small buff and black markings, a white belly, and a long, mostly white, wedge-shaped tail.

Columbian sharp-tailed grouse depend on good habitats within sagebrush-bunchgrass, meadow-steppe, and mountain shrub. The availability of suitable habitat with deciduous trees and sage shrubs are a key element to healthy Columbian sharp-tailed grouse populations.

Overhunting with no regulation during the 19th century has contributed to population decline. Habitat degradation continues to threaten the remaining of birds.